Zinc- and strontium-doped hydroxyapatite: A comparative review of synthesis, characterization, and biomedical applications

ABSTRAK

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a ceramic material similar to the inorganic part of bone and can be synthesized in a laboratory environment using various methods. The structure of HA allows for ionic substitutions that modify its characteristics, particularly in terms of biological, antibacterial, and mechanical properties. In this review, the effects of doping HA with zinc (Zn) and strontium (Sr) ions are comprehensively discussed. Zn-doped HA has been extensively studied as a coating material, as a constituent of composites, and in tissue engineering scaffolds. This review summarizes the synthesis methods, sintering parameters, and crystal morphology of Zn-doped HAs. The lattice parameters, crystal size, phase composition, and specific Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) bands detected for Zn-doped HA were collected. Sr-doped HA has also been widely used in various biological applications. The effects of Sr doping on the chemical composition, crystallinity, lattice parameters, morphology, and formation energies of HA were investigated. Overall, ionic doping is an effective strategy for modifying the properties of HA for biomedical applications. The selection of the doping ion and the synthesis method plays a crucial role in determining the properties and performance of HA.